Nyumba Zazikulu & Nthawi Zovuta

Imvani mbiri yakale m'nyumba zazikulu, m'mphepete mwa misewu yanjala komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Onani nkhani zofananira za chuma ndi umphawi. Dziwani zokongola, zachilengedwe komanso nthano zochititsa chidwi mukuyenda m'minda yodziwika bwino yanyumba zokongola zaku Ireland. Ndipo zindikirani nkhani zomvetsa chisoni komanso kupirira kodabwitsa pamene mukuyenda m'miyoyo ya Njala ya ku Ireland. Khalani olimba mtima komanso odabwa ndi kupezeka kwa mbiri yakale paulendo wofunikirawu kudutsa zakale zaku Ireland.

Kuyambira kale, zigwa zachonde za County Kildare zakopa anthu olemera kwambiri. Cholendala chagolide chooneka ngati mtima chomwe chinapezeka ku Bog of Allen ndi zodzikongoletsera zagolide zomwe zidafukulidwa kunja kwa Castledermot zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zaka pafupifupi XNUMX. Kubwera kwa Chikhristu kudadzetsa chitukuko m'chigawochi, makamaka pomwe St Bridget's Cathedral m'tauni ya Kildare idakhala likulu lolambirira amwendamnjira.

M'zaka za zana la 12, chigawochi chinapanga gawo la madera akuluakulu ogonjetsedwa ndi Anglo-Normans; Ankhondowo adamanga nyumba zachifumu ku Kildare komwe pafupifupi makumi atatu adapulumuka. Ambiri ali mabwinja, kapena onse koma osawoneka, komabe pali zinyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri zogwira ntchito zakale m'chigawochi, kuphatikiza "mahotela achitetezo" ku Kilkea ndi Barberstown, ndi White Castle ku Athy. Chinthu chinanso chamtengo wapatali kuyambira nthawi imeneyi ndi zaka za m'ma 13 Motte ku Ardscull, 5km kuchokera ku Athy, yomwe mwina inamangidwa motsatira lamulo la Norman knight William Marshall. (i)

Polimbikitsidwa ndi maulalo opindulitsa amalonda omwe adafikira ku Yerusalemu, a Anglo-Normans adapereka ndalama zomanga ma abbeys atsopano ndi matchalitchi m'chigawo chonsecho, kuphatikiza ma preceptors atatu a Knights Hospitaller amphamvu. Mabanja a Anglo-Norman a FitzGerald ndi Eustace anali oyang'anira tchalitchi ndi chigawo pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zitatu ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Matauni ambiri adachita bwino panthawiyi, monga Castledermot, tawuni yokhala ndi mipanda, yomwe idakhala ndi misonkhano khumi ndi itatu ya nyumba yamalamulo yaku Ireland pakati pa 1264 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kunayamba ndi kutha kwa nyumba za amonke mu ulamuliro wa Henry VIII, zomwe zinaphwanya mphamvu za Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika. Izi zidalimbikitsa zipanduko zingapo zopanda phindu za mabanja a FitzGerald ndi Eustace monga atsopano, osankhika achiprotestanti adalanda gawo lalikulu.

Sir John Alen wa ku Norfolk, amene anayang’anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kusintha kwa Chipulotesitanti ku Ireland, anafupidwa ndi zigawo zazikulu za kumpoto chakum’maŵa kwa Kildare, zimene banja lake linachita kwa zaka 200 zotsatira. Momwemonso, a Aylmers adapatsidwa mwayi wokhala ndi nyumba yabwino kwambiri ya Donadea chifukwa chothandizira kupondereza kupanduka kwa Silken Thomas FitzGerald. Potsatira zofuna za Chingerezi, a FitzGeralds adatha kugwiritsitsa madera awo ambiri ndipo adakhalanso ngati mzera wamphamvu kwambiri m'chigawochi muzaka za 18.^th Zaka zana.

Pakadali pano, ma 1630s adabweretsa chithunzithunzi cha 'Black Tom' Wentworth ku County Kildare. Wodziwikanso kuti Earl wa Strafford, Black Tom anali Lord Charles I's Lord Lieutenant waku Ireland. Anagwiritsa ntchito ofesi yake kuti apeze chuma chambiri, zambiri zomwe zidakankhidwira m'nyumba ya Jigginstown Castle kunja kwa Naas. Yomangidwa ndi miyala ya redbrick ndi Kilkenny marble, iyi idawerengedwa kuti inali nyumba yayikulu kwambiri ku Ireland.

Nkhani zakumaloko zimati unyolo wa anthu udapangidwa kuchokera ku Dublin kupita ku Naas kuti adutse njerwa zambiri zomwe zidalowa mnyumbamo. Komabe, ntchito inayima ndi kugwa kwa Black Tom kuchokera ku mphamvu ndi kuphedwa mu 1641 ndipo nyumbayi inawonongeka. Zomangamangazi zakhazikitsidwa kuti zitsegulidwe kwa anthu "nthawi yake".

Kupambana kwa Oliver Cromwell ndi William waku Orange m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kunapereka mapeto a Catholic Ireland. Dzikoli tsopano linali la acquiescent Gaelic, Anglo-Norman, Old English ndi new settler stock omwe amafuna kudzipanga okha ngati ofunikira muulamuliro wa atsamunda.

Mwini malo, malo omwe ali pansi pa mapazi a munthu, adakhala chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri chachuma, monga kuchuluka kwa nyumba zazikulu, kapena 'Nyumba Zazikulu', zidamangidwa. Oldtown, Naas, inali imodzi mwanyumba zoyamba za mapiko a Palladian ku Ireland. Idamangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1700 ndi injiniya wamkulu wankhondo Thomas Burgh yemwe adayang'aniranso ntchito yomanga ndi kukonzanso nyumba zonse zankhondo ku Ireland, kuphatikiza Royal Barracks (tsopano Collins Barracks) ku Dublin. Ananena kuti adachokera ku Charlemagne ndipo omwe amamutsatira anali a Baldwin de Burgh, Mfumu ya Yerusalemu ndi Ode, Bishopu waku Bayeux, yemwe Bayeux Tapestry adapangidwira. M’bale wina wodziwika bwino m’banjamo anali Walter Hussey Burgh, m’modzi mwa maloya olankhula komanso achikoka m’zaka za m’ma 18 ku Ireland, yemwe ankakhala ku Donore, pakati pa Oldtown ndi Mondello Park.

Nyumba yayikulu ya Palladian ku Castletown House, Celbridge, inali nyumba yayikulu kwambiri ku Ireland. Anamangidwira William Conolly, mwana wa woyang'anira nyumba ya alendo ku Donegal, yemwe kuchenjera kwake mwalamulo kunamupangitsa kukhala wamba wolemera kwambiri ku Ireland. Moyo wa Conolly uli umboni wakuti, ngakhale m’zaka za m’ma 18, munthu wamba wodzichepetsa akanatha, ngati atatsatira malamulowo, akhoza kukwera m’maudindo n’kukhala munthu wotchuka kwambiri m’dziko lake. Mibadwo iwiri pambuyo pake, mdzukulu wake Tom "Squire" Conolly anakwatira Lady Louisa Lennox, mwana wamkazi wa Duke wa Richmond. Nkhani yawo imapanga maziko a mbiri yodziwika bwino ya Stella Tillyard 'Aristocrats', yomwe idapangidwa kukhala gawo laling'ono la BBC mu 1999.

Mlongo wa Lady Louisa Emily anakwatiwa ndi Earl wa Kildare (kenako Duke wa Leinster) ndipo ankakhala molemekezeka kwambiri ku Carton House, Maynooth, mwiniwake wa ulemu kwa katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Germany Richard Cassels ndi abale a Lafranchini aku Switzerland. Mlongo wake wamng'ono kwambiri wa Lennox Sarah, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa okongola kwambiri a msinkhu wake, adatengedwa ku Celbridge komwe ankakhala ku Oakly Park ndipo analera ana angapo anzeru ankhondo.

Killadoon wapafupi anali kwawo kwa mbadwa za Robert Clements, wamalonda wolemera wa vinyo wochokera ku Leicestershire yemwe adayambitsanso malire a Haverhill, Massachusetts, m'ma 1640s. Mwana wake wamkazi Mary Osgood anamangidwa chifukwa cha ufiti pa Salem Witch Trials.

Clongowes Wood pafupi ndi Sallins kale anali Castle Browne, kwawo kwa banja la Browne, banja lodziwika bwino la 'Wild Atsekwe' lomwe ana ake anali a Marshal Browne amene anaphedwa akuchitapo kanthu pamene anali kutumikira ndi asilikali a ku Austria pa nkhondo ya Prague mu 1757. Lieut. General Michael Wogan Browne anagulitsa nyumbayo kwa Ajesuit omwe anaisintha kukhala sukulu, pamene mlongo wake Judith anayambitsa nyumba ya amayi ya Brigidines ku Tullow, County Carlow. Mdzukulu wa Michael John Wogan-Browne anaphedwa momvetsa chisoni ku Kildare mu 1922. Maboti a m'mudzi wa Moone amalowetsa pakhomo la Belan House, nyumba yomwe kale inali yamphamvu ya banja la Stratford, Earls of Aldborough.

Wachinayi anali wotchova njuga komanso chidakwa, ndipo adagulitsa malo ambiri, kuphatikiza zokongoletsera zamunda ndi zitseko. Wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi wotsiriza anali wodzipatula yemwe anakhala zaka makumi awiri - ndi zambiri za chuma chake - akumanga baluni yaikulu yomwe inawonongedwa ndi moto mu 1856. Pambuyo pake anasamukira ku Alicante, Spain, kumene adawonjezera ndalama zake poweta agalu ndi kugulitsa Holloway. mapiritsi. Belan House tsopano ndi bwinja lalikulu pomwe zitseko zake zazikulu zachitsulo zikuyima ku Carton House.

Harristown House, Brannockstown, idamangidwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi banja la La Touche, mbadwa za Huguenot othawa kwawo ku Loire Valley yemwe adatumikira pa Nkhondo ya Boyne ndipo adakhazikitsa banki ya La Touche & Sons, yomwe tsopano ndi Bank of Ireland. .

Mwala wina wa zomangamanga unali Straffan House, yomwe masiku ano imadziwika kuti K-Club, komwe Ryder Cup inachitikira mu 2006. Nyumbayi inamangidwa ndi 'French Hugh' Barton, mmodzi mwa ogulitsa vinyo ku France ochita bwino kwambiri, ndipo anajambula Madame. Dubarry's Château de Louveciennes pafupi ndi Paris.

Mwa nyumba zina zochititsa chidwi zomwe zidamangidwa ku Kildare mzaka za 18th ndi 19th zinali Ballyna, Bishopscourt, Castlemartin, Courtown, Dunmurry, Forenaghs, Furness, Harristown, Lyons, Moore Abbey, Morristown Lattin, Newberry, Palmerston, Sherlockstown, Killaran Grangeon, Gow. ndi Burtown House. Awa anali amodzi mwa nyumba zamphamvu kwambiri pazandale ku Ireland koma masiku ano atatu okha omaliza omwe adatchulidwa adakali m'mabanja omwe adakhalamo zaka zana zapitazo. Komabe, Castletown, Carton, Straffan House (the K-Club) ndi Ballyna onse ndi otseguka kwa anthu onse, pomwe minda ya Burtown House, kunyumba kwa banja la Fennell, ndi amodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino ku South Kildare.

The Ascendency anali otchuka chifukwa chopereka miyoyo yawo ku chisangalalo cha kusaka, kuwombera, kuwedza, madyerero, kumwa, kutchova njuga ndi - mpaka analetsedwa -duelling. (Ngakhale Daniel O’Connell anadzipeza akuwomba mfuti m’mpikisano wakupha womwe unamenyedwa m’bwalo la ku Oughterard.) Komabe, olemekezeka ambiri a ku Kildare nawonso anatenga malo awo m’chitaganya mozama kwambiri ndipo anachita zimene akanatha kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa dziko lonselo. ndipo anthu kudera lonselo, ngakhale kuwonetsetsa kuti ali pamwamba pa utsogoleriwo adakhalabe olimba. Limodzi ndi nyumba zawo zazikulu, anamanga misewu, matchalitchi, masukulu, mphero, mafakitale, nyumba zogwirira ntchito ndipo, nthaŵi zina, matauni ndi midzi yonse. Iwo adalipira osati ngalande imodzi koma ziwiri - Grand ndi Royal - zomwe zidadutsa ku Kildare ndipo, m'kupita kwa nthawi, adathandizira njanji zambiri, zokhala ndi malo osachepera khumi ndi asanu ndi masiteshoni ambiri abwino m'chigawocho.

Analemba ntchito anthu amene ankasamalira malo aakulu amapaki, kusandutsa nkhalango ndi miyala kukhala minda yobiriwira, ya udzu waufupi, ndi kubzala matabwa ndi minda yokongola kwambiri. Mitengo yomwe imamera pa Phiri la Cloncurry [kapena ndi Phiri la Lyons limenelo?] inabzalidwa pokondwerera kupambana kwa Wellington ku Waterloo zaka 200 zapitazo. Kwinakwake Sir John Kennedy waku Bishopscourt adadzala mipukutu yambirimbiri komanso zobisala zomwe tsopano zikuzungulira dzikolo.

Sir Gerald Aylmer anali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu pamene adalowa m'malo mwa abambo ake omwe anali ndi ngongole zambiri za maekala 18,000 ku Donadea. Pamodzi ndi Mtsogoleri wa Leinster, adayang'anira kukhetsa ndikubwezeretsanso madera akuluakulu ozungulira Rathangan ndikumanga nsanja pa Phiri la Allen, komanso nyumba zazing'ono zogwira ntchito pamiyala ku Donadea, sukulu, khoma la demesne, malo oundana - nyumba, nyanja yopangira komanso msewu waukulu wochokera ku Prosperous kupita ku Donadea.

A Barton nawonso adayika chuma chambiri pakupititsa patsogolo chuma chawo ku North Kildare pomwe banja la La Touche silinangotsekera nyumba ya Harristown mkati mwa khoma lalitali la mapazi asanu ndi limodzi komanso kumanga nsewu watsopano ndi mlatho pamwamba pa Liffey, komanso Baptist. tchalitchi.

Ponsonbys of Bishopscourt anali ndi mowa wawo, mwamuna dzina lake Richard Guinness yemwe mwana wake Arthur adzapitiriza kukhazikitsa moŵa wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Wolfe Tone adachokera ku banja lachifalansa omwe anali obwereketsa kunyumba ya Wolfe kunja kwa Clane. Sir John Kennedy anatsimikizira mwambi wakuti wopha nyama popanda chilolezo amapanga mlonda wabwino kwambiri pamene analembetsa ntchito ya Dennis Garvin, 'wodziwa ntchito yoba nkhandwe' pamene 'kuba nkhandwe kunatha m'dziko la Kildare ngati kuti ndi matsenga.'

Ulemerero wa Kildare ndi olemekezeka anali pafupifupi okhulupilika kwa korona waku Britain. Jack Ponsonby, yemwe anamanga nyumba yabwino ya neo-Classical ya Bishopscourt, Straffan, anapita ku Scotland ndi makampani anayi a akavalo kukamenyana ndi opanduka a Bonnie Prince Charlie a Jacobite mu 1745. Ponsonby wina wa Bishopscourt anatsogolera ulamuliro wotchuka wa Scots Grays pa nkhondoyo. ku Waterloo. Colonel John Conolly wa ku Castletown anali m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba kulandira Victoria Cross mu Nkhondo ya Crimea; mchimwene wake Arthur anaphedwa pa nkhondo ya Inkermann. Lieutenant Richard Wolfe wa Forenaghts anali m'modzi mwa omwe adaphedwa ndi Mahdi poyesa kuthetsa gulu lankhondo la General Gordon ku Khartoum.

Komabe, panali ena amene anaukira Korona, kuphatikizapo Ambuye Edward FitzGerald wa Carton House, yemwe anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri achikoka a United Irishmen's Rebellion mu 1798. Lord Cloncurry wa Lyons House ndi Wogan-Browne wa Castle Browne (tsopano). Clongowes) nawonso adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zigawenga. James Medlicott wa ku Dunmurry adatamandidwa kwambiri ndi anthu aku Kildare pomwe adalowererapo kuti apulumutse wansembe wa parishi yemwe anali atatsala pang'ono kuphedwa ndi gulu la anthu okhulupirika panthawi yachipanduko.

Kutalitali, osankhikawo sanali odziŵa zachifundo. Katherine Conolly, wamasiye wa Mneneri, adatuluka m'mbuyomu ngati mayi wachifundo komanso wolimba mtima. Komanso pomanga Sukulu Yothandiza Anthu ku Celbridge, analamula kuti amange mwala womwe masiku ano umatchedwa 'Conolly's Folly', womwe unapangidwa ndi Richard Cassels, ndipo unamalizidwa mu 1740. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chimenecho, analipidwa kuti amange zipilala, motero zimabweretsa ndalama zofunika kwambiri.

M'zaka za zana lotsatira, Lady Louisa Connolly, mkazi wa Squire Tom, adakhazikitsa Sukulu Yoyamba Yamafakitale ku Ireland pafupi ndi zipata za Castletown. Odzipereka kwa “anthu osauka a ku Celbridge”, anyamata anaphunzitsidwa ukalipentala, kusoka, kupanga nsapato ndi kuluka madengu, pamene atsikana ankaphunzira kuphika, kuluka, kusoka ndi kuluka udzu waudzu wodziwika bwino wa Celbridge.

Mu 1836 bungwe la Poor Inquiry Commission lidayamikira akuluakulu a County Kildare kuti ndi opatsa kwambiri ku Ireland, pozindikira momwe amayi adachitira zambiri pogawira mabulangete, zovala ndi mabedi panthawi ya mliri wowopsa wa kolera.

Njala Yaikulu ya m’zaka za m’ma 1840 inayambitsanso kuyankha mwamphamvu kuchokera kwa ambiri a m’magulu apamwamba. “Ndimakonda kusaka koma ndidzasiyana ndi alenje, zigawenga ndi antchito m’malo molola alendi anga kufuna,” anatero Lord Clonmell wa ku Bishopscourt mu 1847. Lord Kildare anasonkhanitsa pafupifupi £84,000 (kuposa €8 miliyoni lero) kuti athetse njala, pamene mabanja a Clements ndi Henry adakonza zosonkhanitsa ndalama ku Killadoon ndi Lodge Park.

Komabe, njalayo idakula kwambiri ndipo mchaka cha 1847 - kapena Black '47 - opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu a m'chigawochi adalandira chithandizo, pomwe kuphatikiza kolera, typhus ndi kusamuka kudachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi 16% kapena Anthu 18,765 pakati pa 1841 ndi 1851. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Naas South inataya 30% ya anthu panthawiyo, chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cholembedwa m'madera khumi ndi anayi a Kildare. John La Touche, yemwe nyumba yake ku Harristown inali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, adathamangitsa ng'ombe zake kuti apereke chakudya kwa alimi ake ndipo adalamula kuti 'pasapangidwe mkate woyera kapena makeke, komanso mbale zosavuta kuti ziwoneke patebulo lake'. Akuluakuluwa adagwiranso nawo ntchito yokhazikitsa nyumba zogwirira ntchito ku Naas, Athy ndi Celbridge, komanso sanatorium ku Kildare; m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi chipatala cha Naas amakumbukira masiku amdima awa pamene akaidi ogwira ntchito ankakakamizika kusamba mumtsinje.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 20, zinthu zandale ku Ireland zinasintha kwambiri. Nkhondo Yaikulu inabweretsa imfa kwa anyamata ambiri a m’chigawochi amene anatumikira ku Gallipoli, Jutland, Somme ndi nkhondo zina zotero. Ena mwa omwe adadziwika anali Admiral Jack de Robeck, yemwe adatsogolera nkhondo yapamadzi ya Dardanelles, Admiral Sir Frank Kennedy yemwe adayang'anira gulu lankhondo lankhondo ku Jutland ndi Brigadier General Charles FitzClarence yemwe adamwalira akutsogolera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Ajeremani panthawi yankhondo. nkhondo yoyamba ya Ypres.

Utundu unayambanso kuonekera panthawiyi. A John Devoy of Kill, wamkulu wa Clan na Gael, adathandizira ndalama za Isitala Rising ya 1916 yomwe pamapeto pake idalowa mu Nkhondo Yodzilamulira. Kildare mosapeŵeka analoŵerera m’chipwirikiti chosintha zinthu; Nyumba ya Earl ya Mayo ku Palmerston House inawonongedwa, nyumba za asilikali zinaukiridwa ndipo a Black ndi a Tans anaukira Naas. Apolisi ndi zigawenga zingapo zidaphedwa koma mwina nthawi yamdima kwambiri m'chigawochi idafika mu 1922 pomwe amuna asanu ndi awiri odana ndi mgwirizano adagwidwa pa Curragh ndikuphedwa.

Ngakhale kuti mabanja ena a 'Big House' adasiya dziko la Ireland pambuyo pa ufulu, ena ambiri adakhala pansi ndi kupitiriza. Straffan House idadzitamandirabe gulu lotukuka la anthu makumi awiri omwe amakhala mnyumbamo m'ma 1920, khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa iwo anali antchito olipidwa. Lillian Barton atazindikira kuti maluwawo adasemphana ndi kavalidwe kake patsogolo pa mpira wosaka wapachaka ku Straffan House, adalamula kuti maluwawo asinthidwe. Ndipo komabe a Bartons adasungabe chidwi chachifundo. Straffan inali imodzi mwa malo oyamba kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa antchito ake; inaima moyang’anizana ndi khomo lolowera Tchalitchi cha m’mudzi wa Straffan. Joan Barton adagwira ntchito ngati namwino wachigawo wosalipidwa kumidzi yozungulira ndipo, zachilendo kwa nthawi imeneyo, adalembanso ntchito mzamba wodziwa kuti apite ku nyumba zapanyumba ndikusamalira amayi oyembekezera.

Masiku ano atatu okha mwa 'Nyumba Zazikulu' za Kildare zatsala m'manja mwa mabanja omwe amakhala kumeneko zaka zana zapitazo, omwe ndi Killadoon, Gowran Grange ndi Burtown House. Ogwirizana ndi Big House akuphatikizapo wofufuza wa ku Antarctic Ernest Shackleton, County County John McCormack, wojambula zithunzi Derry Moore, wamalonda Tony O'Reilly, woyambitsa Ryanair Tony Ryan, woimba Chris de Burgh, mwana wake wamkazi Rosanna Davison, the Botanical wojambula Wendy Walsh, mdzukulu wake wojambula zithunzi James Fennell, wosewera Paul Newman, mfumukazi ya zodzoladzola Elizabeth Arden, wotsogolera filimu John Huston ndi mwana wake wamkazi Anjelica, chitsanzo Jasmine Guinness ndi agogo ake, Hon. Desmond Guinness yemwe, ndi mkazi wake malemu Mariga, adayambitsa bungwe la Irish Georgian Society.

Big Houses & Hard Times ndi Wolemba Mbiri ndi Wolemba Turtle Bunbury.

[1] Ardscull inali malo omenyera nkhondo yayikulu mu 1316 pomwe gulu lankhondo laku Scottish lidagonjetsa Chingerezi, ndikutsegulira njira kuti mtsogoleri wa Scots Edward the Bruce aveke ufumu wa Ireland pa Faughart Hill, Co. Louth.